12/30/2023 0 Comments Shooting at shell gas stationWitnesses said the shooter was riding a scooter when the shots. Tuesday, killing the man at the Shell gas station. The woman's body was taken to the medical examiner for an autopsy to determine cause and manner of death and positive identification, police said. Homicide detectives told FOX 5 someone fired several shots around 6:30 p.m. at the Shell Gas Station on Poplar Avenue across from Overton Park where a man was shot during a robbery, police say. ![]() “I mean knowing it's right here is kind of crazy," he said. A 37-year-old man was shot and killed after another person stole his holstered gun at an Exxon gas station in Jonesboro, according to a Facebook post from Clayton County Police Department. MIDNIGHT HOUR: A call went into police at around 11 p.m. He’s lived at the apartment complex for two years but had no idea there was a dead woman’s decomposing body down the hall. Neighbor Tony Pineda described an unbearable stench that hits getting off the elevator. Nor did they find complaints about any odor coming from the apartment. Gwinnett County Police comb over the crime scene of a deadly shootout at the Shell gas station located along Peachtree Industrial Blvd. There are reports that two people were shot, both victims possibly teenagers. According to Cleveland police, the shooting happened at the Shell Gas Station at the corner of St. “He also told detectives that he was in a relationship with the female, who was pregnant – the female who was found inside of the apartment – and that there had been some type of fight between the two about one month prior to, that led to the victim becoming deceased prior to today,” Jones said.ĭetectives believe Moore had been living in the apartment with the body, and they found no reports of anyone missing or any problems in the apartment. The gas station is roped off with crime tape and detectives looking for evidence and shell casings. ![]() ‘The Color Purple' revival features Montgomery County native
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12/30/2023 0 Comments Green screen remove in after effects![]() Premiere Pro is a top-notch, industry-leading video editor – it’s been used in everything from ‘Avatar’ to ‘Gone Girl’, in case you were curious. Let’s look at some of the most popular choices. Now it’s time to key your footage in the video editing app or software of your choice. So, we’ve rattled through the basics of what chroma keying is, why it’s done, and what you should have ready before you shoot your footage. How to do chroma keying in different software ![]() This means the green ‘spills’ onto your real-life subjects due to poor lighting, reflective objects, or some green earrings you forgot to remove. If you cut corners with your green screen, your chroma keying will end up being janky. Run through your scene several times before filming, to check if any unwanted shadows will pop up and ruin your green screen footage.Film with a low ISO to avoid any extra digital artifacts appearing in your footage – these will make the post-production process more difficult. ![]() Use a fast shutter speed to decrease motion blur.Light your green screen evenly and softly, so it looks as ‘blank’ as possible.Match the lighting for your actors with the lighting of your intended background, to avoid it looking fake – if you've used chiaroscuro lighting, you'll need to keep to that theme!.Light your actors and green screen separately, and ideally have them six feet apart.Refrain from using shiny objects they can reflect the green and cause unwanted transparent spots in your footage.Shooting the green screen and background footage with the same focal length, to make sure the scale is correct.Give yourself the best head start by setting up your green screen shoot properly. Yep, you can ‘fix it in post’, but that can become such a pain. Set everything up properly in your green screen shoot Plus, green and blue screens are the most readily available backgrounds for chroma keying – you’d may as well save yourself the trouble and stick with the stuff that works! The basics of chroma keyingīefore we dig into how to use chroma keying in Photoshop, Premiere Pro, After Effects and more, let’s cover some of the basic dos and don’ts. You can use different colors for your background, but they might not work as well as green or blue. Blue isn’t a human skin color, and unless someone’s wearing blue, it’s simple to pick out where the people end and the background begins. Traditionally, chroma keying used to be conducted with a blue screen, for similar reasons to green. This doesn’t work if your subject is wearing green – well, it does work if you want to do this. The best-known color for chroma keying is green, given how far removed it is from any human skin tone. Then, once they’re safely back home eating dinner, you can chroma key the safety equipment so it becomes transparent. If you’re doing wild stunts for a wild establishing shot or music video, you can use green harnesses and wires to ensure your actors make it out of principal photography in one piece. The green screen is ‘keyed’ in post-production, removing the green, leaving it transparent and free to fill with whatever image or video you want.Ĭhroma keying is also used to remove details from footage. It’s also how Tom Hardy drives around an uninhabitable desert in Mad Max: Fury Road. The contrast in color allows you to isolate these things from each other.Ĭhroma keying is how weather reports are done on TV. Two points of interest are filmed together: the green screen in the background, and the ‘real’ actors and objects in the foreground. What is chroma keying?Ĭhroma keying is a technique that comes from using a green screen. ![]() Whether you’re curious about how Hollywood works, need to take your clients’ content to the next level, or just want to spice up your home videos, chroma keying will do the trick. Chroma keying is one of the most popular, effective video editing techniques in modern filmmaking. 12/30/2023 0 Comments Types of suspended scaffolding![]() ![]() Spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors. Insulation and wall cladding, cleaning, plastering. Mobile scaffolding platform for construction work at height. State, each suspended stage or plank-type platform shall be supported at two or more places by rigging that receives its load from only that one platform. Builder on suspended construction cradle paint the shasad of a new residential building. Suspended Cantilever Scaffolding: While not technically cantilever scaffolding in the traditional sense, suspended scaffolding systems can. Mary has a liberal arts degree from Goddard College and 3D image, 3D rendering suspended platform with levers and wheels weighs on ropes on a white background. This type of scaffolding is commonly used for tasks like repairing or painting the exterior of buildings, as it provides a stable working platform that can be adjusted to different heights and positions. Learn about the types of scaffolding and how to choose the right one for the job. Dangerous scaffolding can cause delays on the work site in addition to injuries, and may subject a company to fines if there is evidence that it knew about safety issues and failed to take appropriate action.Įver since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced theĮxciting challenge of being a WiseGEEK researcher and writer. Different types of scaffolding can be used for the same type of work. However, suspended scaffolding can be extremely dangerous for workers. Workers also regularly check the scaffold before starting work, looking for any issues that might compromise safety. This type of scaffolding enables workers to reach great heights and get the job done. This is a working platform that hangs from the roof through wiring, chains, or ropes. If any components do not appear to work right on the ground, they need to be swapped out for functional parts. Before a suspended scaffolding unit goes up, workers inspect it for signs of wear and damage. There are two basic types of scaffolds: Supported scaffolds, which consist of one or more platforms supported by rigid, load- bearing members, such as poles, legs, frames, outriggers, etc. 12/30/2023 0 Comments Permute matlabTranslates data between ImageJ images and MATLAB matrices.If you run MATLAB R2017b and later, you don't need to do this, as it ships and uses Java 8 already. You will need to change your MATLAB installation to use Java 8, by following the instructions for your platform: Windows, macOS or Linux. Let's look at an example.Prior to MATLAB R2017b, MATLAB ships with Java 7, but ImageJ requires Java 8. The SSCP matrix is part of the "normal equations" that are used to obtain least-squares estimates for regression parameters. If you have computed the SSCP matrix in one order, you can obtain it for any order without recomputing it. Fortunately, if you have computed the sum of squares and crossproducts matrix (SSCP) for the variables in the original order, it is trivial to permute the matrix to accommodate any other ordering of the variables. The order of variables is also used in regression techniques such as variable selection methods. For some statistics (for example, the Type I sequential sum of squares), the order of the variables in the model are important. ![]() Suppose you read in a design matrix where the columns of the matrix are in a specified order. Another application is the order of columns in a design matrix for linear regression models. In my previous article, I used a correlation matrix to demonstrate why it is useful to know how to permute rows and columns of a matrix. You don't have to remember which side of A to put the permutation matrix, nor whether to use a transpose operation.Īn application: Order of effects in a regression model The second syntax specifies the order of the rows. If you multiply A on the left (Q`*A), you permute the rows, as shown:Ī = shape ( 1: 25, 5, 5 ) /*, the first syntax means, "copy the columns in the order, 3, 5, 2, 4, and 1." I think this definition is easier to use.) If you multiply A on the right (A*Q), you permute the columns. (The permutation matrix is the transpose of the matrix that I used in the previous article. The following example defines a 5 x 5 matrix, A, with integer entries and a function that creates a permutation matrix. If you use matrix multiplication to permute columns of a matrix, you might not remember whether to multiply the permutation matrix on the left or on the right, but if you use subscripts, it is easy to remember the syntax. ![]() Subscripts enable you to permute rows and columns efficiently and intuitively. I ended the article by noting that "there is an easy alternative way" to permute rows and columns: use subscript notation. A previous article shows how to create a permutation matrix and how to use it to permute the order of rows and columns in a matrix. Permutation matrices have many uses, but their primary use in statistics is to rearrange the order of rows or columns in a matrix. Instead, use elementwise multiplication of rows and columns. ![]() That article recommends that you never multiply with a large diagonal matrix. Which discusses an efficient way to use diagonal matrices in matrix computations. The advice is similar to the tip in the article, "Never multiply with a large diagonal matrix," This article explains why it is not necessary to multiply by a permutation matrix in a matrix language. Never multiply with a large permutation matrix! Instead, use subscripts to permute rows and columns. Do you ever use a permutation matrix to change the order of rows or columns in a matrix? Did you know that there is a more efficient way in matrix-oriented languages such as SAS/IML, MATLAB, and R? 12/30/2023 0 Comments Dmv written test california pdfStudy the California Driver Handbook: The California Driver Handbook contains all of the information you need to know to pass the driving test. Make sure to practice a variety of driving skills, such as turning, changing lanes, and parallel parking.Ģ. Practice driving as much as possible: The more time you spend behind the wheel, the more comfortable and confident you will be on the day of your test. To prepare for the driving test in California, you should take the following steps:ġ. Make sure to follow all of these restrictions to avoid losing your permit or facing other penalties. Keep in mind that there are certain restrictions that come with a learner's permit in California, such as driving only with a licensed driver in the passenger seat and avoiding driving during certain hours. You must complete at least 6 hours of behind-the-wheel training with a licensed instructor if you are under 18 years old. Start practicing driving: Once you have your learner's permit, you can start practicing driving with a licensed driver who is 25 years old or older and has a valid California driver's license. Pay the fee: You will need to pay a fee for your learner's permit.Ħ. Provide your thumbprint and photo: You will need to provide your thumbprint and have your photo taken at the DMV.ĥ. You can make an appointment for this test online or by calling the DMV.Ĥ. Take the written test: You will need to pass a written test at the DMV to demonstrate your knowledge of traffic laws, signs, and safety rules. Complete driver's education: You must complete a California DMV-approved driver's education course, which includes 30 hours of classroom instruction.ģ. Meet the eligibility requirements: You must be at least 15 1/2 years old, pass a vision exam, and provide proof of identity and residency.Ģ. The process for getting a learner's permit in California involves the following steps:ġ. Check the California DMV website or contact them directly to confirm what documents you need to bring for your specific situation. It's important to note that these requirements may vary depending on your specific situation and the type of license you are applying for. Certificate of completion for behind-the-wheel training (if under 18): If you are under 18 years old, you will also need to provide proof that you have completed behind-the-wheel training with a licensed instructor. Completion certificate for driver's education (if under 18): If you are under 18 years old, you will need to provide proof that you have completed an approved driver's education course.Ħ. passport, permanent resident card, or other document that proves your legal status in the United States.ĥ. Proof of legal presence: This can be a U.S. Proof of California residency: This can be a utility bill, lease agreement, or any other document that shows your name and California address.Ĥ. Proof of Social Security number: This can be your Social Security card or a W-2 form that shows your name and Social Security number.ģ. passport, birth certificate, or permanent resident card.Ģ. Proof of identity: This can be a valid U.S. Here are the documents you will need to bring:ġ. ![]() To pass, you must have 30 accurate answers.When applying for a driver's license in California, you will need to provide several documents to prove your identity, residency, and legal presence in the United States.CA Refresher Test for Senior Citizens CA.How does it work? California residents using any form of testing help during the test will result in an automatic failure, and the DMV may take further action against your driving permit, so please don't cheat. Use this DMV practice exam to help you prepare for your California instruction permit or driver's license. To get the required 83 percent passing score to be allowed to pass, you must correctly answer 38 out of 46 questions (or 30 out of 36 if you are over 18). The written component of the official DMV test will consist of questions about regulations of the road, traffic signs, and driving statutes, as well as information from the Driver Handbook. ![]() To help you recall the topics, each ca dmv practice test question includes a hint and explanation. ![]() Use genuine questions that are very similar (often identical!) to the DMV driving permit practice test and driver's license exam to prepare for the DMV driving permit test and driver's license exam. This California DMV practice test includes 36 of the most vital road signs and rules questions taken directly from the official California Driver Handbook for 2023. 12/29/2023 0 Comments Muscle shoals sound studio tour![]() The tour ventures throughout the state with stops in Huntsville, Birmingham, Montgomery and Mobile. In 1969 the Swampers founded Muscle Shoals Sound Studio and within months they were attracting hit recording artists from around the world who came to them. Sweet Home Alabama Music tours can explore the Sweet Home Alabama Music Trail, a six-day tour beginning in northwest Alabama with visits to music studios and historic sites in Florence, Tuscumbia, Sheffield and Muscle Shoals. Tours can be customized to fit your group’s interests and schedule. FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) Studios is a recording studio located at 603 East Avalon Avenue in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, an area of northern Alabama known as the Shoals. Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area can experience the area’s music legacy with tours organized through the Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area. Additional sites will be added in the future. The cell phone tour includes directions to each stop. Enjoy interviews with musical legends such Rick Hall, founder of FAME, and David Hood, founder of Muscle Shoals Shoals Sound Studio. The tour ventures throughout the state with stops in Huntsville, Birmingham, Montgomery and Mobile. Handy Birthplace and Museum, the Singing River – Tennessee River and the Singing River Sculpture. Group tours can explore the Sweet Home Alabama Music Trail, a six-day tour beginning in northwest Alabama with visits to music studios and historic sites in Florence, Tuscumbia, Sheffield and Muscle Shoals. Muscle Shoals Sound Studio 3614 Jackson Hwy, Sheffield, AL 35660 (256) 978-5151 In addition to Rick’s production expertise, a big part of what made FAME such an iconic recording studio was the house rhythm section, a collection of local musicians who laid down the music and who called themselves The Swampers. This cell phone features audio and video and follows the Roots of American Music Trail with stops at places where musical history was made, including FAME Recording Studios, Muscle Shoals Sound Studio - 3614 Jackson Highway, Cypress Moon Studio/Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, Wishbone Recording Studio and others. Roots of American Music Trail Cell Phone Tour Tour tickets are $20 per person, $15 senior/military, and free for kids 10 and under. ![]() The last tour of the day begins at 3:30 p.m. ![]() Tours take place every hour on the half-hour, beginning at 10:30 a.m. The studio is open for tours Tuesday through Saturday from 10 a.m. VIP tables and sponsorships are still available. Food and drinks will be available for purchase.Ĭoncert tickets are $35, and can be purchased at this link. The “Swampaversary” event is a fundraiser benefiting the Muscle Shoals Music Foundation, which owns and operates the iconic studio. /rebates/&.com252fAttractionProductReview-g30835-d12909567-MuscleShoalsSoundStudioTourinSheffieldAlabama-SheffieldAlabama. Now a 501C3 nonprofit organization, the studio continues to honor its legacy while working to sustain its future. The night’s opening act will be Russell Mefford and Mitch Mann, with their own take on Muscle Shoals music. The Pine Hill Haints will also perform, bringing their “Alabama Ghost Country” to the hallowed studio grounds. The legendary 3614 Jackson Highway will be rocking and rolling when studio co-founder and acclaimed bassist David Hood hits the stage with Clayton Ivey, Jimmy Nutt, Kelvin Holly, Andreas Werner, and Carla Russell, aka Kozmic Mama. Muscle Shoals Sound Studio featured in Australian newspapers Richard Thomas to star in national tour of To Kill a Mockingbird Music Hall of Fame has best. Now, 53 years later, with that studio restored to its original glory, they’re celebrating that funky Muscle Shoals sound with the “Swampaversary” concert. 12/29/2023 0 Comments Comedian blake webber![]() Watch the cinematic visuals for Tiësto and Karol G’s song “Don’t Be Shy” up top. ![]() So I feel like super honored and super anxious and super nervous to see how everything’s going to come up.” It’s different language, it’s a different kind of music that I do. So I am super excited to have this opportunity between Tiesto and I. Blake Raymond Anderson (born March 2, 1984) is an American actor, comedian, producer, screenwriter, and fashion designer. It’s my first time like singing in English. Standup Comedian and Voiceover Comedian Blake Webber shows us how much better he is than us at Wakesurfing on this episode of Celebrity Surf Series. “So he sent me a song and it was crazy because the song is completely in English,” she says. “It’s my first time like doing something like that. Karol G echoed his sentiments, saying she had been a fan of his her whole life, and that she was excited to challenge herself by doing “Don’t Be Shy” in English. If you hear the original demo versus Karol G, it’s like 60% difference. The comedian has become so successful that Excision has taken notice, and will be bringing Webber to his music festival, Lost Lands, where Webber will be performing his popular fake TED Talk. ![]() She recorded the vocal and it sounded incredible. Blake Webber, best known for his comedic work online has brought his unique and hilarious voice to the dance music space. “Well, I always liked her voice and I wanted to work with some different artists and we just sent her the song and see what she thought of it,” he explained. “And she actually wants to sing in English and she made the sound… The original vocal, it’s a male vocal, right? Like three or four. When explaining how “Don’t Be Shy” came together, Tiësto told Zane Lowe on Apple 1 Music that he’s always wanted to work with Karol G. As the scenes switch with each verse of the song, the video appropriately closes with Webber waking up and realizing it was all just a dream. In the clip directed by Christian Breslauer, comedian Blake Webber plays a humble museum janitor who suddenly finds himself in a Night at the Museum situation when Karol G animates from a painting and begins to turn the quiet archival space into a party. He is an actor, known for NCIS (2003), Shadow Deep (2012) and Dear Mr. He is also known as half of the comedic DJ duo, Double Dare Music.Karol G and Tiësto have joined forces for their new club-centric track, “Don’t Be Shy,” which also comes with cinematic visuals that match the energy of the song. Blake Webber was born on 8 December 1988. Blake Webber, the social media influencer who has been dubbed the 'Instagram voice over comedian,' has signed with Gersh. Georgeson rose to social media prominence for the Blake Vapes character from 2015, in which dons a signature “Hi Haters” hat and talks about how his life revolves around blowing “dope-ass clouds.” His other projects include the YouTube series including “#Killinit, Blake Pranks and 30 for 30. The Webber character, which is the creation of Los Angeles-based comedian Aristotle Georgeson, gained a significant social media following after he was featured on Vice. He adds his own distinct voice to Instagram videos of celebrities such as Cardi B, Amber Rose, Kim Kardashian among others. Like a phoenix rising from the ashes, Blake Webber has turned his past viral videos into a successful long term comedy act. ![]() Blake Webber Biography – Blake Webber Wikiīlake Webber Biography – Blake Webber Wikiīlake Webber (real name Aristotle Georgeson) is a comedian and social media influencer best known for his voice-over comedy videos. 12/29/2023 0 Comments Poser pro 2014 v10.0.3![]() Paint maps on the mesh to control the exact areas that you want to modify. With a single button, generate a new conforming item using the goal figure's rig, complete with full morph transfer Use pre-fit tools to direct the mesh around the goal figure's shapes. When creating new content for Poser figures, morph transfer enables conforming clothing developers to easier support a wide array of figures and include both full body and partial body morphs that can be driven by the base figure. ![]() To provide Poser content developers more power, display hidden parameters so they can be interactively modified. New Features in both Poser 10 and Poser Pro 2014 Drag and drop parameters to change channel and parameter order calculation for control of how operations such as physics simulations, morphs, bends and deformers interact. We've integrated Pixar's OpenSubdiv library to provide Pixar Subdivision Surfaces, with user definable subdivision levels per prop, figure or even individual body part. Subdivision improves bending fidelity, smooths polygonal surfaces and improves performance by enabling lighter poly-count content. Poser includes a new Unimesh skinning method to support subdivision on figures with compliant geometry. The Firefly render engine has been optimized for faster performance when Raytracing.īullet Physics simulates Rigid Body dynamics, Soft Body dynamics, and dynamic strand based hair. Create rigid simulations with constraints to build complex mechanical interactions. Paint softbody constraint weights to animate. Add jiggle and bounce to any prop or character. Use the Live Simulation mode to preview dynamics in realtime, or calculate simulations to include in rendered animations. Use Poser's exciting new Color and B&W Comic Book Preview for static or animated toon imagery. This feature will enable you to create comic art with fantastic line control and color, or clean black and white outlines with persistent shading even when rotating or animating your point of view.Īlso included are two new humans utilizing magnets with weight maps and polygonal detailing optimized for SubD. 12/29/2023 0 Comments Toynbee tiles lyricsToynbee Tile fans across Pittsburgh have long-lamented their demise, but not all of the city's original tiles are buried beneath asphault. They wanted large masses of people to be able to see this message." "We're recognized as some kind of major market in which this would be viewed by a lot of people," says Marinaro. Marinaro says imitation is flattery, and believes the presence of Toynbee Tiles in Pittsburgh (original or otherwise) suggests the city is a valuable location for proselytising. Two tiles, likely from different artists, compete for space at the intersection of Boulevard of the Allies and Cherry Way. The streetscape can be deceiving: a small storm grate or a stray magazine seem Toynbee Tile-esque from afar, and brief crosswalk times force passersby not to linger too long. Some intersections that were once concrete are now brick. ![]() Today, the streets are jet black and the paint is a striking white, signs of recent repaving. The locations of at least six original Toynbee Tiles once formed an "L" over eight blocks of Smithfield Street and Forbes Avenue. He might have called in to Larry King Live in the '80s using an alter ego.īut how did the suspected artist spread the tiles in more than a dozen cities without detection? Neighbors said the south Philadelphia man's car was missing floorboards, the perfect way to drop tiles in busy streets and speed away. But the amateur sleuths found small "test" tiles all around the neighborhood.Īnd based on interviews, they discovered that the Toynbee tiler also used shortwave radio broadcasts, mailers and television antenna interception to spread his message about the Toynbee idea. ![]() The owner of that home, described by his neighbors as a recluse, never answered the door. The 2011 documentary "> Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tilesrecounts the efforts of a group of tile enthusiasts working to identify the tiler, using a south Philadelphia home address printed on a Toynbee Tile in Chile. The artist remains unknown and is probably no longer producing new work. And you see a lot of primary colors, as well: whites, reds, blues and yellows." "And it also encompasses the full design of the tile, where every inch of the usable space is populated with some kind of design. "I think that the design is indicative of what we see in a lot of self-taught art, which is that typically letters are in all-capitals," she explains. Marinaro also theorizes that a self-taught artist made the tiles. "Usually, the artists who are interpreting these creative pieces believe that they're getting messages from somewhere: from God, from a god, from a being of higher power," she says. Whatever message each tile imparts, Marinaro says they're prime examples of visionary art. Wikipedia Commons This Toynbee Tile, photographed in 2002 in Washington, D.C., portrays the classic message found on most originals. Resurrect Dead: The artist might believe that Arnold Toynbee's theory could become (or already is) a reality.In Kubrick's 2001: This part of the message is a clear nod to director Stanley Kubrick's epic 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, which suggests the next step of human evolution as life on Jupiter.But it could also recall sci-fi writer Ray Bradbury's 1984 short story "Toynbee Convector" about time travel. It likely refers to 20th-Century British philosopher Arnold Toynbee, who theorized that dead particles could be brought back to life. Toynbee Idea: This first line of text is the namesake of the Toynbee Tile.Tile experts break down one Toynbee message into four parts: The answer to both questions is unclear, but the internet is rifewith theories. ![]() So, what do the Toynbee Tiles mean, and who made them? Pittsburgh was once home to at least six original tiles, but more than $4 billion in Downtown development over the last decade has meant repaving, jackhammering and ultimately, destruction. 90.5 WESA Can you spot the Toynbee tribute tile at the intersection of Grant Street and Boulevard of the Allies? 12/29/2023 0 Comments Bead and abacus toyNext to these numbers, if you look at the picture carefully, you’ll see the former symbols pf Greek coins. (Picture Credits: The Mathematical Tourist)Īccording to Wikipedia, the M = 10.000, Ψ is Boeotian for 1.000, H = 100, Δ = 10, and =5. The table/board contains the letters M Ψ H Δ. The Greek artifact, dated around 300 BCE, depicts a royal treasurer receiving tax and calculating them on an abacus.Īs you can see, the calculating table/abacus has Greek numerals and a small number pebbles/counters in front of it to calculate large numbers. The biggest evidence of Greeks using abacus is the below picture in the Darius Vase. It was referred as the Counter Abacus because it had smaller units of various things, also called counters, to calculate. The Greek abacus was more like a flat wooden or marble table set with smaller units of wood/marbles/pebbles to conduct the calculations. ![]() It was where the idea of abacus took the name abacus. Reaching Greece was an absolute milestone in the journey of abacus. Picture Credits: The Mathematical Tourist The Counter Abacus in Greece Darius Vase. Apparently, he adopted the skill and the device when he visited Babylon. Iamblichus mentions in Life of Pythagoras, that Pythagoras himself introduced the abacus to the Greek civilization. Nonetheless, Babylon is an important pillar in the history of abacus because it was the gateway for the counting device to enter Greece. Therefore, as expected, the Babylonians eventually moved on from the counting frame. Apparently, the counting frame wasn’t enough for the advance Babylonian calculations. ![]() The abacus reached Babylon around 400 BCE. The Greek historian and geographer Herodotus testified that Egyptians were calculating with pebbles moving them from right to left. However, the ancient Egyptian counting frame was mainly a flat surface on which pebbles were moved from right to left to perform basic counting operations. The Right-to-Left Pebble Abacus in EgyptĪs old as Mesopotamian civilization, this calculating device also traveled to ancient Egypt. ![]() In other words, people learnt how to use an abacus before learning how to write. Picture Credits:, The First Ninety YearsĪccording to Christopher Woods, it was so ancient and primal to the Mesopotamian culture that counting using an abacus preceded writing. So, the major part this information is based on textual research and logical assumption. ![]() Moreover, the Sumerians used both counting boards and beaded calculating arrangement to count.ĭear readers, you must understand that there’s no archaeological evidence of Mesopotamians using abacus. Even though it wasn’t a beaded counting frame, as we use now, it was indeed the ancestor of the this modern calculator. Math-historians and scholars claim the earliest trace of abacus use was in Mesopotamia between 2700-2300 BC. The Ancient History of Abacus Earliest Roots of Abacus in Mesopotamia Their previous method of counting, fingers and toes, weren’t sufficient to calculate taxes or trading transactions.They needed a mechanical computation (something composite) to do the calculations on.The ancient numerals weren’t suitable for calculating big numbers.Why did the Ancient Civilizations Needed an Abacus? |
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